Mobility protests in the Netherlands of the 1970s: Activism, innovation, and transitions

With the Netherlands having world's highest cycling rates, many see its current policies as a model for transition to sustainable transportation systems. Understanding these high however, requires understanding geographic, historical, and institutional context in which social movements, working with government actors, helped stop rapid decline rates between 1950s 1970s Netherlands. This article uses historical sources interviews activists actors show how movements supported by helping reverse negative effects of motorization. These worked implement three specific innovations: woonerf, bottleneck memorandum, car-restricted city center. contributes transitions literature looking beyond relationship enterprise state demonstrating within broad public support can advance innovations.